A Research On How Social Networking - 2143 Words

Many people worldwide are affiliated with social networks everyday. Keith Wilcox and Andrew Stephan’s did a research on how social networking, particularly Facebook, was used to boost one’s self esteem with tie strengths. Tie strength can be defined as strong or weak. Strong ties can be described as the close connection to their friends, while weak ties are considered their â€Å"acquaintances that are distant friends† (Wilcox Stephan, 2013, p. 92). Wilcox is an assistant professor at Columbia University, teaching marketing. While Stephen, â€Å"is [an] assistant professor of business administration and Katz Fellow in marketing at the Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business† (Wilcox Stephan, 2013, p.90). The Journal of Consumer Research†¦show more content†¦Wilcox and Stephan’s hypothesis propose that the â€Å"enhanced self-esteem from browsing a social network will momentarily lower self-control, leading people to display less self- control after browsing a social network compared to those who did not browse a social network† (Wilcox Stephan, 2013, p.92). Since people care more about their image to strong ties, this effect will be on people who are focused on strong ties while browsing the social network. Wilcox and Stephan â€Å"expect social network use to have little effect on the self-control of those focused on weak ties while browsing a social network† (2013, p.92). This paper will help one understand their motives that take place while social networking. Five studies were done through out this paper, but only three were very supportive of their theory. The first study focused on proving â€Å"social networking use increases self esteem primarily for those focused on strong ties while browsing the network† (Wilcox Stephan, 2013, p. 93). They expected that those focused on strong ties would have a positive impact on self-esteem, but what they did not expect was the same for weak tie s as well. The methodology for this was done by design, survey and experimentation. They took 100 random US participants and put them into four different groups. The groups were â€Å"browsing: Facebook versus no Facebook† (Wilcox % Stephan, 2013,

Analysis Of Donald Barthelme s The School - 1724 Words

Maria Coquioco September 19, 2015 Greg Christensen New Criticism Essay â€Å"The School† is a short story written by Donald Barthelme and published in 1974 in The New Yorker. Donald Barthelme is a post-modernist writer known for his deceptively simple yet powerful and insightful short stories. â€Å"The School† is a story that takes a good hard look at the sensitive topic of death. The theme of this story is about the cycle of life and how death is an integral part of it. The story is written in first person narrative. The narrator here is the teacher and he talks about how he and his young students of 30 kids encountered death throughout their time together in class. He uses edgy humor and a conversational tone in his seemingly complex plot with a surprising effect that will stick with the reader long after they are done reading it. The context of the plot found in â€Å"The School† presents the readers with the timeless question of the meaning of life. However, this question does not seem to present itself immediately to the r eader. In order to appreciate Barthelme’s work in this piece, it is crucial that one utilizes the New Criticism’s approach to reading. New Criticism was first developed in the 20th century and it makes reading and interpreting literature a systematic activity. New Criticism as an analytical tool helps the readers to understand and gain insight into all forms of the written works through sheer understanding and by reading closely. This means that our focusShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Donald Barthelme s The School1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Darkness That Lies Within Throughout life, death is an unavoidable circumstance. Although death may seem avoidable at times, no person is strong enough to withstand its grasp. In Donald Barthelme’s short story The School, he contrasts the essence between life and death using the innocence of children. Throughout the story this motif of death is masked by emotions such as happiness, fear, uncertainty, and sympathy. Therefore, the irony that develops throughout the story raises the question of

Abduction by Paloma Sapien Essay - 1273 Words

Abduction by Paloma Sapien Crunch. Heidi looked up, glancing from side to side. Crunch. She had thought she was alone. Crunch. Her heart beat faster and her hand clenched the heart on her necklace. Crunch. She quickened her pace as she heard footsteps coming from behind her. Her hand started to cramp up from holding the necklace so hard. Crunch. Heidi turned slowly. A dark figure stood about ten feet away from her. She panicked as she heard the footsteps behind her getting quicker. â€Å"Who’s there?† she said, still walking. The figure was silent. Only the sounds of heavy breathing came from its mouth. â€Å"What do you want?† The breathing got louder as the figure moved closer. Heidi let go of her necklace, and turned her head one†¦show more content†¦With a shaky hand, she went to grab for the necklace but before she reached it, everything went black. Her head throbbing with pain, Heidi regained her consciousness, startled. She was in the back of a van, speeding down a bumpy road. They took a sharp turn and Heidi flew against the side of the car. She started to cry, and curled up on the floor, wishing this was all a dream. Heidi was woken up by the van making a sudden jolt, throwing her against the car once again. It was pitch black and Heidi couldn’t see at all. She heard movement and realized she wasn’t alone. â€Å"H-Hello?† she said, her voice shaking with fear. The man grabbed her hand, wrapping it around a plastic bottle. â€Å"Drink. It’s water.† The voice was deep and slow. Thirsty and delirious, Heidi unscrewed the cap and downed the contents of the bottle. A weird feeling in her stomach immediately followed, and her vision started to fade. â€Å"Did you just poison me?† Heidi threw the bottle and grabbed the wall of the van, bracing herself. â€Å"Sleep tight.† the man said. Heidi woke up hours later to a huge slap in the face. Her face stinging, she sat up and saw the man in front of her. â€Å"Can I help you?† she mumbled. â€Å"We’re leaving,† the man put a black sack over her head and threw her out of the car. Heidi’s knees buckled from under her. She was still weak from the poison. â€Å"Walk!† the man shouted. Heidi tried hard, putting one foot in front of the other,

Information Technology and Security

Question: Develop an effective research plan considering context, research questions, sources, timeline, and larger implications for writing a formal research report; Also to practice working with the Research Proposal as an academic genre and to provide an opportunity for working on stylistics and effective academic discourse. Answer: 1 Introduction The aim of this report is to present a research proposal on the topic of Information Technology and Security. Today we live in a technological era. Every event of our lives are connected to and affected by technologies, especially information technologies. With the technical advancement of digital technologies and communication technologies, now information technology has become more than computers and internets. So the span of security in information technology has also expanded its span. (Andress, 2014) In the next sections of this report, it will discuss different facets of security in the context of information technology. 2 Why to Study Information Technology Security? We need to study information technology security to grow the awareness about the topic among us and making our lives secure from information security attacks, hackers, theft of information, privacy breaches etc. If we focus on the statistics of cybercrime, we can check how those are increasing day by day. Over the online platforms, through the mobile devices and in many information systems we share our personal and professional details every day. There are important details like credit card number, banking details etc. that are shared through internet also. For example sharing of banking details over online banking platforms. But these data are at high risks. There are several examples of hacking and stealing of the information of individuals, defence of country etc. (Bidgoli, 2006) Study on security in information technology will help to understand these issues in details, it will help to take precautions before sharing data over the Internet. However, it wont make our data over the online platforms fully secure but we can understand the risks and that may reduce the risks to some extent. 3 Definitions Information security or InfoSec is a practice that helps to build defense against unauthorized access, disclosure, inspection, modification, capture, disruption, perusal and destruction of information. The form of data may be physical or digital. (Bishop, 2003) IT security is a part of information security that is mostly focused on computer security and network security. When information security is applied to the information technologies then that is termed as IT security. These information technologies are mostly related to computers and networks. Currently, smartphones and other smart gadgets are also considered in this class. There are IT security specialists who secures information from attacks, thefts and other kind of unauthorized access. (Ciampa, 2011) When data is under some attack already, then it is needed to be assured that the information is not lost due to the attack. This is called information assurance process. There may be different kinds of attack on information like natural calamities to hacker attack, physical damage of storage etc. As data is stored in servers and computers in most of the cases. So, this topic also comes under information security. The possible attacks and risks that can harm data are called threats to the data. There are different kind of threats in information security domain. Some of the threat are, Software based attacks by hackers. Theft of data and intellectual property. Theft of identity of some individual or system. Sabotage Extortion of information. Theft of software Under software based attacks, there are different kind of attacks. Those are, worms, virus, Trojans etc. Under the theft of data and intellectual property type of attack there are issues related to ownership on information. Identity theft issue is related to masquerading some other persons identity to get access to data in an unauthorized way. Sabotage is related to intentional destruction of information belonging to others. Extortion is modifying some information by stealing it and then sending the modified one to the receiver. Theft of software is physical theft of software. 3.1 Sources of Information An attacker can target any kind of information. But generally they tends to target defense, government, financial institutional, universities, businesses etc. as these organizations contains tons of information about individuals and in almost all cases information are collected and stored electronically, transmitted over networks and internet. (Symantec Corporation, 2014) Protection of such information are responsibility of the organization that collects and stores the same. For an individual, loss of any personal information or misuse of any, may become fatal. It is a breach of their privacy. Information security deals with these areas, protecting information and right to that information. It secures information technology infrastructure, databases, networks, etc. 4 Principles of information security The three core principles of information security are, confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. These three are collectively called CIA triad. There are other principles like non-repudiation, atomicity etc. but these three are the basic. Any information technology infrastructure will be called secure if and only if it conforms to these three principles. (Bidgoli, 2006) 4.1 Confidentiality Confidentiality ensures that the data will be kept confidential. No person without proper access privilege will be able to access the information. 4.2 Integrity Integrity ensures, data will be stored in correct format and form. There will be no unauthorized modification to the data. In the context of information security, integrity of data refers to the manitance of the data in a way that the consistency and accuracy of the data will be maintained. Data will not be modified by any kind of unauthorized access. (Bishop, 2003) 4.3 Availability Availability ensures data will be available to the right users always. There will be no interrupt in this case. At the same time data will not be available to the unauthorized or unintended users. Usually some information system or computer will process some kind of data and will store the same. The information security controls must be designed in a ways that those will be able to protect data from unauthorized access at the same time, will be able to differentiate authorized accesses and will make data available to the authorized users. (David Solomon, 2010) A system can be unavailable for various reasons. For example, there may be power failure like issues, also there may be security attacks like denial of services etc. 4.4 Non-repudiation It ensures that no communicating party will be able to deny the instance of communication in future. Cryptography based systems are used to ensure non-repudiation. 4.5 Authenticity It ensures the authorization process. When entered in a system, it checks whether the data is from authentic source of not. This is mostly related to ecommerce and ebusiness platforms. Where confirmation of the transactions and sharing of data are needed to be authenticated about their genuineness. There are technologies and methods like digital signatures to ensure authenticity. 5 Defenses Information security defenses can be of the following types. 5.1 Access controls Setting and implementing access controls ensures security from unauthorized access to some degree. A risk assessment should be done before implementing access control on data. The access controls help in implementation of access to protect sensitive information. There are typically three stages in the access control implantation method. Those are, identification, authentication and authorization. (Benantar, 2006) In the first step, identification helps in ascertaining that who the person who want access to the information is. A typical example is asking about the userid during login process. Then, in the second step authentication process helps to verify the claim in the identification step. For example, if someone has provided his identification as John to the system, the system will check whether the person is john or not. For that purpose, it may ask for password that is supposed to be known by John only. There are other authentication mechanisms like biometrics etc. however, no process is beyond risks and attacks. In the final and third step, the system will authenticate whether the information collected from previous two steps are authentic or not and then it will give permission for access to the information. For example, if the person John has only READ access right to a piece of data , and John has asked permission for WRITE access then the system will reject the request even if the userid and password are correctly supplied. There are different kind of access control mechanisms like mandatory, discretionary etc. 5.2 Cryptography Cryptography is a very useful defense mechanism in information security. Cryptography helps in changing the form of information so that the original information is hidden. The scrambled information will be understandable to the intended user only. So if anyone else receive the information who is not intended user, then the information will not be readable to them. The process of changing a piece of information based on some key is called encryption. The reverse is called decryption. The changed form of information is called cipher text. (William, 2008) Cryptography has a wide range of security algorithms. Information systems can implement those algorithms to implement security features like authentication, non-repudiation etc. 5.3 Software like Antivirus, Firewall There are wide range of antivirus software for dealing with virus issues in computers. These also ensures information security by protecting data from potential damages by viruses. There are systems and software like firewall, IDS etc. that helps in detecting unauthorized access from network to a system. (David Solomon, 2010) 5.4 Awareness and Best practices Implementation of security controls is not enough to ensure information security if the users are not aware of the risks and the consequences. So, the first thing is to increase awareness among the users. Then making them aware of the best practices to avoid risks of security attacks to some degree. 6 Future Research IT security and information security is a vast topic. There are number of sub topics to work on in future. There are enough case studies to uncover reasons behind security attacks over time, also there are scopes to implement new protocols or standards for ensuring security. In future, based on literature and case studies, the IT security will be explored in details. Data for the research on IT security will be collected from different case studies, literatures papers, journals, surveys, statistics etc. available from Internet. 7 Conclusion In the research proposal on IT security, it has described the term from the broader perspective of information security. It will help to understand the role and significance of IT security in the span of information security. In the proposal, it has discussed about basic security principles for information security, different kind of attacks, different kind of defenses, future scope of research etc. References Andress, J. (2014). The Basics of Information Security: Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice. Syngress. Beachboard, J., Cole, A., Mellor, M., Hernandez, S., Aytes, K. (2008). Improving Information Security Risk Analysis Practices for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Research Agenda. Florida. Benantar, M. (2006). Access Control Systems: Security, Identity Management and Trust Models. Springer. Bidgoli, H. (2006). Handbook of Information Security, Key Concepts, Infrastructure, Standards, and Protocols . John Wiley and Sons. Bishop, M. (2003). Computer Security: Art and Science. Addison-Wesley Professional. Bosworth, S., Kabay, M. E. (2002). Computer Security Handbook. John Wiley Sons. Ciampa, M. (2011). Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals. Cengage Learning.K., Solomon, M. (2010). Fundamentals of Information Systems Security. Jones Bartlett Learning. Symantec Corporation. (2014). Internet Security Threat Report 2014. Symantec Corporation. Vacca, J. R. (2012). Computer and Information Security Handbook. Newnes. Whitman, M., Mattord, H. (2011). Principles of Information Security. Cengage Learning. William, S. (2008). Computer Security: Principles and Practice. Pearson . Xiao, Y., Li, F. H., Chen, H. (2011). Handbook of Security and Networks. World Scientific.

Tourism Growth in Developing Countries

Presently, tourism is known to be one of the biggest, yet dynamic and a very fast growing sector, which has many economical benefits (Batta, 2000). Because of the high returns, substantial amount of foreign currency flow in a country, crucial infrastructures, and other amenities develop, and modern educational experiences take place rapidly affecting the economy of any given country.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Growth in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More No doubt, tourism has contributed to both social and economical growth of many countries worldwide. For a number of well-developed countries such as France and Switzerland among others, tourism has been one of the greatest factors, which have steered developments both in terms of social and economical spheres (Cooper et al. 2005). However, despite of numerous developments brought by tourism, it also has the potential to cause many problems, especially to the developing countries. According to most current statistics, tourism is a sector that has impacted world economy in a positive way. Statistics clearly show that tourism provides about ten percent (10%) of the total world income (Mitchel, 2009). In addition to this, it also provides jobs directly and indirectly to a tenth of the world’s labor force (Mitchel, 2009). Looking at this topic from the perspective of development, tourism is a sector that has proved beyond doubt to be very reliable and most importantly, extremely essential due to its contribution in the economy of a country. However, most people tend only to see the positive aspect of the tourism sector without even thinking of the idea that tourism can also cause many problems. In developing countries such as Kenya, Zimbabwe, Brazil, and India among many others, where tourism is a key sector and a pillar of national economy; this sector has caused numerous problems, some that are long- term. Long-term problems such as environmental and ecological damage have severe effects to the nation and the host community as well (Mason, 2008). Tourism is highly regarded for its role in bringing people of different cultures together (Casimir, 2000). For instance, people come from all corners of the world to visit East Africa, where tourism is a booming business.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, as much as the tourism sector impacts the host communities in a positive ways in terms of culture, it is also one of biggest destroyers of indigenous cultures (Casimir, 2000). Most people find pride in cultural values that are deep rooted. Because of that aspect, tourists like visiting communities where members have maintained their cultural values. Most host communities tend to showcase some aspects of their widely held cultural values to foreigners. In a number of developing countries, cultural values and aspects are mostly highlighted through making items that are part of their culture such as carvings, cloths, utensils and so on (Rodgers, 2001). Poverty is high in most developing countries and therefore, host communities depend on selling these kinds of stuffs to foreigner to earn a living (Urry, 2003). Once tourists have bought such stuffs, considering that most of them are foreigners, they go back with them to their homes. In other words, they carry away the most treasured cultural heritage of the host community. Since most foreigners have economical power, they develop and modify such items, which have been acquired from a developing country. The next time people from developing countries realize, their cultural products are being sold in foreign lands but they take no credit for their creative products. This way, their intellectual products are sold and their cultural values became eroded. A good example in this case is the famous Ke nyan Kiondo. Kiondo was and still is a cultural heritage from one sub tribe in Kenya (the Kikuyu community). However, today Japanese people who bought the idea of Kiondo in Kenya do produce and sell it in and outside Japan earning income for the country. If Kenya was a developed country, it would have modified this product and earn good income from it. However, the irony is that Kiondo is even more popular with Japanese than it is with Kenyans. Secondly, tourism in many developing countries has interfered with people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity (National Parks Portals, 2009). As tourists visit several developing countries to explore many things, they not only concentrate on nature, but they also try to explore and understand host’s way of life.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism Growth in Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This involves visiting their homes and even sometimes staying with them for sometime. Where some hosts may take this as a gesture of friendship, others (Hosts) may not be comfortable with such situations. As tourist visits people in their homes, in one way or the other, they do interfere with their personal privacy (Singh, 2008). On other hand, as much as some of tourists may appreciate what they see or learn about the culture of the hosts, others may disgrace or intimidate the host community. This without doubt, interferes with the dignity of individuals. This can be caused by lack of clear and developed policy in a developing country (National Parks Portals, 2009). While tourists are highly appreciated for providing people (host) opportunities to learn about foreign cultures without having to travel across the sea, it is also one of the major causes of culture erosion in most developing countries (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). Due to lack of proper exposure, many people in developing countries are naive. Most people in d eveloping countries have the perception that foreign cultures are more superior to theirs. Because of this perception, most host communities are carried away by some cultural values of the foreigners. In fact, some foreign tourists go to such developing countries and even marry there (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008.). They then go with their wedded couples back to their homes. This greatly contributes to erosion of cultures. In addition, as much as the tourism sector is credited to be environmental friendly, it has a substantial amount of effect on environment (Huybers, 2007). Tourism in developing countries can be a major cause of ecological destructions hence impacts the environment negatively. Many tourists go to developing countries as part of the adventure. Although the primary goal is to explore, tourists also influence destruction of ecology in the host country (Huybers, 2007). This may come about when tourists want to visit interior areas. In an effort to make their visitors comfo rtable, hosts will clear trees and bushes to create roads and paths.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, when they visit national parks, they at times want to camp there. In the process, they cut trees to use for camps and making fire. This causes destruction to the environment, especially the natural cover (Urry, 2003). On the other hands, cars used by tourists also cause pollution of air and consequently the environment. Tourism is associated with development in terms restaurants and hotels (Singh, 2008). With these forms of developments, many benefits are linked to this growth including creation of jobs to some people in the local community. Since most tourists are foreigners, the standards of foods and drinks in such restaurants are of high quality. This therefore means that, most locals can hardly ever work in these hotels. In addition, farmers can only supply few types of foods, as most tourists (foreigners) are not used to local foods. Due to standards and quality expected by foreign tourists, most foods and even employees are exported from well developed countries (Hu ybers, 2007). This denies opportunities for farmers to sell their products to these kinds of restaurants and it also does not accommodate people from the host community in terms of employment due to lack of skills. The amount or level of employment created by tourism is not adequate in developing countries (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). This is due to lack of sufficient education and skills. In terms of social life, tourism is highly regarded as a sector that has the ability to engage people and promote good relations. This is because tourism brings people of different cultures together. Even though some locals in developing countries face a number of problems when dealing with foreigners, especially communication issues, good social relations is developed in one way or the other through tourism. However, as much as this sector promotes the social life, it does cause a major problem in the society. This problem is the issue of prostitution (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). Most people in dev eloping countries are languishing in poverty and some live below a dollar a day (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008). Since the perception of locals is that tourists have a lot of money, they do anything to earn that foreign currency. For young girls and mid aged men, prostitution is one way of earning money. Young women go to nightclubs where foreigners are partying and they get paid peanuts for sex. On the other hand, young men look for older tourist women and they are paid few dollars to meet sexual needs of these tourists. Because of this factor, the social life turns to be a big evil of prostitution in areas that are widely visited by tourists. According to statistics, prostitution is relatively high in regions with high number of tourist since people are less educated (Telfer and Sharpey, 2008. They resort to prostitution to earn the foreign income. Conclusion In deed, tourism is a sector that has the potential to drive any country forward due to its economical benefits. Across the worl d, tourism sector has brought enormous economical benefits hence steering developments. Despite of its potential to bring economical benefits to a developing country, tourism is a major cause of problems. Tourism can cause ecological and environmental damage (Lew, 2008). In addition, it can cause severe effects on culture and cultural values of the host communities. This can either be through damage of cultural heritage or by culture erosion. Insufficient policies, lack of education and skills, and poverty is among several factors that make tourism to have far-reaching effects in most developing countries. Developing countries should device better approaches to address all issues in order to continue enjoying social and economical benefits from the tourism sector. References Batta, R 2000, Tourism and the Environment: A Quest for Sustainability with Special  Reference to Developing Countries, and Policy Analysis on Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing, Bangladesh. Casimir, M 2000, C ulture and the Changing Environment: Uncertainty Cognition and  Risks, Berghahn Books, New York. Cooper et al. 2005, Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow. Huybers, T 2007,Tourism in Developing Countries, Edwin Edgar Publishers, Cheltenham. Lew, A 2008, Long Tail Tourism: New Geographies for Marketing Niche Tourism Products, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, Vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 409–419. Mason, P 2008,Tourism Planning and Management, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Mitchel, J 2009, Values Chain Analysis and Poverty Reduction at Scale, Overseas  Development Institute. National Parks Portals 2009, Impacts of Tourism. Web. Rodgers, J 2001, Travel and Tourism: Advanced, Heinemann, Sandton. Singh, L 2008, Issues in Tourism Industry: Fundamental of Tourism and Travel, Isha Books, Delhi. Telfer, D. Sharpey, R 2008, Tourism and Development in the Developing  World, Rutledge, California. Urry, J 2003, Social Networks, Travel, and Talk. British Journal of Sociology, Vol 54, no. 2, pp. 155–175. This assessment on Tourism Growth in Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Zion M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Elvis Presley Essays

Elvis Presley Essays Elvis Presley Paper Elvis Presley Paper What can you learn from Source A about Elvis Presleys impact on popular music in the USA in 1955? (6) Source A is an article from a magazine called Billboard, a US magazine on 3rd March 1956. It is a positive article for Elvis Presley as it promotes his success that he has achieved. The source states that he has six hit singles on the RCA Victor labels hit lit of top 25 best sellers. It also goes on to state that the two singles heartbreak hotel and I was the one is the labels number two best seller, behind Perry Comos juke box baby. From this information we can draw that Elvis Presley made a huge impact on popular music in the USA in 1955. To have six hit singles in the companys top 25 best sellers is a large percentage to the extent that he dominates the hit list and proves that he must have taken the US by storm and made his presence felt. Yet with all of the critics that he had during that time Elvis was still able to please his fans with the music they adored. The tone of the article is that of someone who has been entertained and is only full of positive praise when writing about him. The word hottest is used to describe Elvis, which means that he must have been the topic of a lot of peoples discussions, as he appeared a controversial character also. Even though the headline says Presley hot as $1 pistol, which probably would been to many as a negative remark, $1 was worth more in the 1950s compared to what it is worth now and wouldnt be a disgrace to be compared alongside. Elvis Presley must have provided something different to his fans compared to all of the other artists that were around at that time, as with all of the critics that he had, he must have had a lot of fans to succeed as an artist. This source in my opinion is a reliable one as it, compared to a lot of reviews, gives a different point of view from the negative view to the positive one about Elvis music. The reason why I say this is because this is a magazine, which is probably, read a lot of people which will spark off reactions mostly positive ones but also negative as some people didnt like him in the first, let alone if he was getting positive publicity. 2) Study Source B, C and D. Do sources C and D support the evidence of Source B about the impact of Elvis Presley? (8) Sources B, C and D seem to contradict each other as source B contains different newspaper articles describing Elvis Presleys appearance on the Milton Berle Show on NBC-TV on 5th June 1956 which are completely negative. Compare Source B to sources C and D where source C states that the show topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season, which is a positive as the show also included Elvis Presley. Source D also contradicts the negative views of source B, as there is a photograph of Elvis performing on stage at the show, where all of the fans look ecstatic to see Elvis Presley perform and from their facial expressions, quite well too. Source B contains 3 newspaper articles from different newspapers describing Elvis Presleys performance at the Milton Berle show, all of which do as much as they can to write something negative about his performance and ability. Firstly The New York Times states that Elvis Presley has no singing ability. Secondly The New York Journal also comments on Elvis voice and also the lyrics of his songs, describing them as unintelligible and his voice inadequate. It goes on to comment on physical and that it is probably too difficult to describe in terms suitable to a family newspaper. Finally the Daily News takes on another level in saying that music has reached its lowest depths from the emergence and antics of Elvis Presley. The article then states that he gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar. Such words like this represent the fact that these journalists opinions on Elvis were created before the performance at the Milton Berle show and this probably triggered their emotions even more as Elvis was getting cheered and attention which was the complete opposite to what these critics wanted for Elvis. Source C is a piece of writing from variety, an American television and radio magazine, June 1956. It explains how the Milton Berle show was a success and doesnt mention surprisingly anything negative about Elvis Presley, but also does not mention anything positive. The fact though that from what ratings suggest the show was a huge hit, means that Elvis had a part to play in this happening and although this is not stated in writing, it is clear from source D that the fans were enjoying Elvis Presleys performance just as much as he was himself. Source D is a photograph of Elvis performing at the show and in my view the reaction of the fans seems positive and that they are enjoying his performance an actually seeing him in the flesh. Elvis seems quite confident in the photo and this usually occurs when a person is getting positive attention. If Elvis was getting negative attention then his self confidence would have been drained and he would find it hard to complete his performance but the complete opposite is happening according the photo and this seems to have spurred Elvis on. From all of the support thought that Elvis is getting, which can also affect someone in a negative way as they get too excited and loosen too much, he is still in full concentration as he committed to performing to the best of his ability. The photograph also shows how most of the fans were young teenage girls, who were trying to reach out to touch their idol, which shows how much they basically worshiped him. From this I can learn that Elvis had a huge impact on young teenage girls especially when he producing his rock and roll style music, as they were fond of the characteristics that he possessed. Sources C and D do not support the evidence of source B about the impact of Elvis Presley. Source B is a collection of articles, which represent anger for the character that has stood up to so many challenges without backing down, and this annoys people, especially people like the journalists who wrote those articles. The journalists in that source are representing their views on Elvis as a whole and not just based on his performance at the show which is clear as such words as vulgar are used to describe Elvis, which is out of proportion. There could be an argument known that even though Source B is useful in showing that there were a mixture of views on Elvis Presleys music, they only represent three articles whereas the other two sources represent a larger majority of positive representation. Source C shows that with Elvis performance included, the Milton Berle shows topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season. Source D shows a very large majority of teenagers, especially girls, showing their appreciation towards their idol. Sources C and D, especially D provide information that suggest there is not only one view on Elvis Presley in America, which is totally negative, that there are a mixture of views on Elvis music. 3) Study Sources E and F. How useful are these sources as evidence of the impact of Elvis Presley in the mid 1950s? (10) Sources E and F are another example of how US society had conflicting views about the character of Elvis Presley. Source E gives three examples of quite powerful people views on Elvis. The first is of the congressman Emmanuel Celler speaking in January 1957. He describes how rock and roll has given great opportunities to coloured people, but the music of Elvis Presley and his animal gyrations violate all that I know to be in good taste. Emmanuel Celler clearly doesnt approve of Elvis Presleys music and his mannerisms and this is shown as such phrases as animal gyrations are used to describe Elvis, which is quite harsh to say as he is comparing Elvis to an animal, but you can see that his emotions were probably caught up when saying that. A congressman such as Cellers position in society is very high especially in the United States and a lot of the public would have listened to his views and then either agreed or disagreed with him. This speech could be seen as a positive as the way he is talking suggests that he is not racist, as it seems that he is not using the fact that Elvis Presley approves of coloured against him but just simply does not like his character. The second is from a member of the Ku Klux Klan speaking in 1956. Clearly from the speech that this member has made suggests that he despises Elvis and would rather see him dead than alive. The member says weve set up a twenty man committee to do away with this cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller. Such words as cannibalistic and negro-loving are hardly surprising coming from a KKK member but the fact that he is able to confess these feelings in a speech is frightening for Elvis. Elvis Presley most definitely knew that he was going to get a lot hostile reactions from the view that he was there to accept and embrace the coloured and not be against them as they so wished he would be. These are the kind of speeches that made Elvis more determined though to prove wrong those who criticised him. Finally the third is a speech made by Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher speaking in 1957. He said that I would not let my daughter cross the street to see Elvis Presley. This reaction from Billy Graham could have been for a number of reasons as Elvis Presley was quite a controversial character but I think the most important factor here is the impact that Elvis Presley had on teenagers in the US. At the time when this speech was made, which was 1957, this was the time when Elvis took his solo career to another level in terms of him dominating the late 1950s charts, according to source F. Billy Graham was an evangelical preacher which meant that he was totally against things like promiscuity and this was what Elvis regarded as one of his less important issues, which leads for Billy Graham to dislike everything about him as Elvis did most things that Billy Graham was against. It could be that Billy Graham knew of Elvis Presleys influence on teenagers and was furious that his child could have been a victim of this and rebelled against him, as this was also part of Elvis character. The fact that Billy Graham mentioned his daughter in his speech shows that he was maybe frightened because of the way so many teenagers had taken to Elvis Presley and that they were the main group that bought his records. Source F is a list of the top five singles of the year 1955, 1956 and 1957. This is a good source as it shows the rise of Elvis Presley clearly in terms of record sells. In 1955 Elvis did not manage to get in to the top five singles of the year according to the list, which was because he had just signed his first contract at that time with RCA Records and was working his way to the top. In 1956 though Elvis made himself famous with claiming four of the top five singles of the year which was a great achievement considering all of the criticism that was thrown at him along with all of the pressure that was put on to turn out a success. Elvis then claimed three of the five top singles of the year 1957 and carried on his success in the US which shows a great deal of dominance of the music industry. Sources E and F are considerably different in terms of evidence of the impact of Elvis Presley in the mid 1950s. The reason why I say this is because Source E gives Elvis bad publicity, with three individuals individually talking about how Elvis Presley has had a negative impact on the music industry and also US society as a whole. On the other hand though Source F sheds a positive light on nothing but Elvis record sells and show that the majority of US society must have liked Elvis Presleys music at least as in 1956 and 1957 he has clearly dominated the charts. It is interesting to se that all of the speeches made by the three individuals in Source E were in 1956 and 1957, but not in 1955. The reason for this was because Elvis had not emerged fully on the scene yet so therefore there was no need for those three particular people to feel threatened in any way. For example the Ku Klux Klan member speech was in 1956 at a time when Elvis had four of the top five singles of that year and he was threatened and worried by the views of Elvis towards coloured people as it could damage more people joining his group and instead taking the other option and agreeing with Elvis views on the subject of coloured people. The sources tend to be full of emotion and may not always be accurate or true but they are nonetheless useful in explaining the impact of Elvis Presley in the mid 1950s. These sources may not be accurate because they are quotes from a very long time ago and there has always been the problem of certain people editing speeches to support a certain argument. Source E shows the negative impact Elvis had on US society whereas source F help explain how Elvis rose up from not being in the charts in 1955, dominating the charts in the consecutive years of 1956 and 1957.

Marcel Duchamp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marcel Duchamp - Essay Example The paper "Marcel Duchamp" focuses on the important figure in the art, Marcel Duchamp. Particular to that was the avant-garde movement known as the Dadaists and the Surrealists: "the mission of the early 20th Century avant-garde thus consisted in undermining the idea of art's 'autonomy' in favour of a new merging of art into what he calls the 'praxis of life'." The work being examined in the following, falls within the genre of this movement, and thus, one of the running themes explored throughout this discussion, will address how L.H.O.O.Q. can be understood as an expression of the avant-garde of his age, and how this fits within the agenda of the Dadaists. In introductory terms, Dadaism is a movement that sought to deconstruct the relationship of art to the power structures that financed it, so to speak. By challenging the power relations surrounding the work of art, the further agenda of exposing the essentially "bourgeoisie" values are likewise a theme that is incorporated into t he actual pieces or works of art themselves. In 1915, Marcel Duchamp moved to New York City from Paris. In Duchamp's own words, he was not moving to New York so much as he was fleeing the art community in Paris which he believed was burdened by the history and traditions of European art. As he states: â€Å"If only America would realize that the art of Europe is finished – dead – and that America is the country of the art of the future. Look at the skyscrapers! Has Europe anything to show more beautiful than these? New York is a work of art, a complete work of art . . . And I believe that the idea of demolishing old buildings, old souvenirs, is fine . . . The dead should not be permitted to be so much stronger than the living. We must learn to forget the past, to live our own lives in our own time.† [Kalaidjian, Ed., 2005, 195]. In terms of the back drop of rejecting history or the tradition of art, the work in question eventually came to be known as a 'ready-ma de'. That is, a found object which has been altered or modified in a way, and then presented as a work of art. The work in question [APPENDIX A] is a reproduction of Leonardo Da Vinci's Mona Lisa, which is arguably, the most famous work that is housed in the Louvre in Paris. As far as the modifications go with this particular work, Duchamp has merely added a mustache and titled the work with the initials L.H.O.O.Q.. This title is supposed to be a pun or a play on the French: â€Å"Elle a chaud au cul" and as translated into English, the phrase means "She has a hot ass" [Seigel, 1995, 119] . There is an interesting controversy about the work, that it is germane to the very meaning of the work itself. One of the important aspects of a work like this, is the very capacity for it to be photographed and reproduced. Indeed, the technique involved with the work in the first sense involves photography insofar as the image itself is initially a photograph of the Mona Lisa: "photography was crucial in disseminating Duchamp" [Hopkins, 2004, p. 46]. The contemporary twist on the controversy occurred in 2006 when the art critic and editor of Art in America, had to issue an apology for misunderstanding the authenticity and provenance of a reproduction of Duchamp's famous work: â€Å"I was wrong in 'Dada Lives' to claim that Francis Picabia's bungled 1920 reproduction